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||}} | operating_income = |}} | net_income = |}} | assets = |}} | equity = |}} | num_employees = ~21,900 (FY 2013)〔Monsanto. (Monsanto Annual Report, Form 10-K ) Filing Date August 31, 2013〕 | homepage = }} Monsanto Company is a publicly traded American multinational agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation headquartered in Creve Coeur, Greater St. Louis, Missouri. It is a leading producer of genetically engineered (GE) seed and Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide. Founded in 1901 by John Francis Queeny, Monsanto initially produced food additives like saccharin and vanillin, expanded into industrial chemicals like sulfuric acid and PCBs in the 1920s, and by the 1940s was a major producer of plastics, including polystyrene and synthetic fibers. Notable achievements by Monsanto and its scientists as a chemical company included breakthrough research on catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation and being the first company to mass-produce light emitting diodes (LEDs). The company also formerly manufactured controversial products such as the insecticide DDT, PCBs, Agent Orange, and recombinant bovine somatotropin (a.k.a. bovine growth hormone). Monsanto was among the first to genetically modify a plant cell, as one of four groups announcing the introduction of genes into plants in 1983,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The race towards the first genetically modified plant )〕 and was among the first to conduct field trials of genetically modified crops, which it did in 1987. It remained one of the top 10 U.S. chemical companies until it divested most of its chemical businesses between 1997 and 2002, through a process of mergers and spin-offs that focused the company on biotechnology. Monsanto was one of the first companies to apply the biotechnology industry business model to agriculture, using techniques developed by Genentech and other biotech drug companies in the late 1970s in California.〔Dorothy Leonard-Barton, Gary P. Pisano. January 29, 1990. Harvard Business Review: Case Studies. (Monsanto's March into Biotechnology )〕 In this business model, companies invest heavily in research and development, and recoup the expenses through the use and enforcement of biological patents.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Competition Issues in the Seed Industry and the Role of Intellectual Property )〕〔Schneider, Keith (June 10, 1990) (Betting the Farm on Biotech ). the New York Times〕〔Burrone, Esteban (2006) (''Patents at the Core: the Biotech Business'' ). WIPO〕〔Economic Research Service/USDA (The Seed Industry in U.S. Agriculture: An Exploration of Data and Information on Crop Seed Markets, Regulation, Industry Structure, and Research and Development )〕 Monsanto's application of this model to agriculture, along with a growing movement to create a global, uniform system of plant breeders' rights in the 1980s, came into direct conflict with customary practices of farmers to save, reuse, share and develop plant varieties.〔Andersen, Regine (August 2000) (''The History of Farmers' Rights'' ). Fridtjof Nansen institute Report5〕 Its seed patenting model has also been criticized as biopiracy and a threat to biodiversity.〔Shiva, Vandana (February 6, 2012) (The seed emergency: The threat to food and democracy ), Aljazeera.〕 Monsanto's role in agricultural changes, biotechnology products, lobbying of government agencies, and history as a chemical company have made the company controversial. ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Monsanto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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